---
codex_section: "S09"
title: AHA! - Effects of Tartrazine
created: 2024-10-21 12:07:44.041686
updated: 2024-10-31 08:07:05.082497
source: ChatGPT
source_file: conversations-001.json
conversation_id: 6716a67f-b2e8-800d-ae9f-36218ec865c4
message_count: 4
tags:
- effects
- tartrazine
- source/chatgpt
- status/raw
- food-allergy
- dietary-additives
- nutrition-science
category:
- Food Science
- Nutrition
- Dietary Additives
summary: Research on long-term health effects of tartrazine consumption in American
  diet of convenience foods.
keypoints:
- Tartrazine may exacerbate chronic urticaria and asthma sufferers
- Tartrazine can have toxic effects on rats fed high doses
- Methods for testing sensitization to food additives are described
monomyth_stage: "06 - Tests, Allies, Enemies"
gameboard_position: ''
truth_score: 92
entropy_score: Low
tone:
  sentiment: Neutral
  emotions:
  - Informational
  - Formal
  - Objective
  sycophancy_level: None
  notes: ''
related_events: []
syndication_status:
  arnie: false
  chris: false
  redmond: false
  clint: false
  pilot: false
ma5_inheritance: Initium
pre_silicon: false
voice_print: false
codex_candidate: false
phase: ''
enriched_date: '2026-04-09'
---

# AHA! - Effects of Tartrazine

> Exported from ChatGPT | 2024-10-21 | 4 messages

---

**You:**

Expand on the research on the long-term health effects of consuming Yellow Dye No. 5 (tartrazine) in the American diet of convenience foods.

---

**ChatGPT:**

```json
{"query": "long-term health effects of consuming yellow dye no. 5 (tartrazine) in the American diet"}
```

---

**[Tool]:**

{"items":[{"paper_title":"Hypersensitivity to tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5) and other dyes and additives present in foods and pharmaceutical products.","abstract":": Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5) and other allowed certified color additives may have an exacerbating effect in chronic urticaria and asthma sufferers. In the individual patient the only way to determine their relevance is to administer test doses. By altering doses, timing and substances and by interspacing controls a battery of tests has been developed. Methods of testing for sensitization to food additives and analgesics are described.","paper_authors":["Lockey Sd"],"paper_publish_year":1977,"publication_journal_name":"Annals of allergy","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/hypersensitivity-tartrazine-yellow-dyes-additives-foods-sd/610f6ff009d45194ab6cc1e3d720ba02/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"","volume":"38","pages":"206","search_result_number":1},{"paper_title":"Hypersensitivity to tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5) and other dyes and additives present in foods and pharmaceutical products.","abstract":"Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5) and other allowed certified color additives may have an exacerbating effect in chronic urticaria and asthma sufferers. In the individual patient the only way to determine their relevance is to administer test doses. By altering doses, timing and substances and by interspacing controls a battery of tests has been developed. Methods of testing for sensitization to food additives and analgesics are described.","paper_authors":["S. Lockey"],"paper_publish_year":1977,"publication_journal_name":"Annals of allergy","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/hypersensitivity-tartrazine-yellow-dyes-additives-foods-sd/fe839776deab539b91628aa0196a5766/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"","volume":"38 3","pages":"\n          206-10\n        ","search_result_number":2},{"paper_title":"Effects of diet on growth and survival of rats fed toxic levels of tartrazine (FD & C Yellow No. 5) and sunset yellow FCF (FD & C Yellow No. 6).","abstract":"Tests were conducted on the effects of diet on the response of immature male rats to massive doses of tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No.5) and Sunset Yellow FCF (FD&C Yellow No. 6). When incorporated at a 5% level in a stock diet, tartrazine and Sunset Yellow FCF had no grossly observable toxic effects. When fed with a purified diet, however, both tartrazine and Sunset Yellow FCF at 5% level in the diet resulted in a marked retardation in growth, an unthrifty appearance of the fur and death of 50% or more of the rats within an experimental period of 14 days. The toxic effects obtained by feeding the latter diets were counteracted by the concurrent feeding of blond psyllium seed powder, carrot root powder, alfalfa leaf meal and wheat bran. Supplements of the known nutrients had little if any protective effect. Supplements of purified cellulose were without protective effect for the rats fed tartrazine but had a moderate protective effect for those fed Sunset Yellow FCF.","paper_authors":["B. Ershoff"],"paper_publish_year":1977,"publication_journal_name":"The Journal of nutrition","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/effects-growth-rats-toxic-levels-tartrazine-yellow-sunset-ershoff/55716c985a4158dc8410f512c6d80eb3/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1093/JN/107.5.822","volume":"107 5","pages":"\n          822-8\n        ","search_result_number":3},{"paper_title":"Effect of food azo dyes tartrazine and carmoisine on biochemical parameters related to renal, hepatic function and oxidative stress biomarkers in young male rats.","abstract":"Tartrazine and carmoisine are an organic azo dyes widely used in food products, drugs and cosmetics. The present study conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of these coloring food additives; on renal, hepatic function, lipid profile, blood glucose, body-weight gain and biomarkers of oxidative stress in tissue. Tartrazine and carmoisine were administered orally in two doses, one low and the other high dose for 30 days followed by serum and tissue sample collection for determination of ALT, AST, ALP, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose in serum and estimation of GSH, catalase, SOD and MDA in liver tissue in male albino rat. Our data showed a significant increase in ALT, AST, ALP, urea, creatinine total protein and albumin in serum of rats dosed with tartrazine and carmoisine compared to control rats and these significant change were more apparent in high doses than low, GSH, SOD and Catalase were decreased and MDA increased in tissue homogenate in rats consumed high tartrazine and both doses of carmoisine. We concluded that tartrazine and carmoisine affect adversely and alter biochemical markers in vital organs e.g. liver and kidney not only at higher doses but also at low doses.","paper_authors":["K. Amin","H. Abdel Hameid","A. H. Abd Elsttar"],"paper_publish_year":2010,"publication_journal_name":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/food-dyes-tartrazine-parameters-function-stress-amin/25979dbe2b195f549b1617abaae2a77a/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.039","volume":"48 10","pages":"\n          2994-9\n        ","search_result_number":4},{"paper_title":"Lack of genotoxic effect of food dyes amaranth, sunset yellow and tartrazine and their metabolites in the gut micronucleus assay in mice.","abstract":"The food dyes amaranth, sunset yellow and tartrazine were administered twice, at 24h intervals, by oral gavage to mice and assessed in the in vivo gut micronucleus test for genotoxic effects (frequency of micronucleated cells) and toxicity (apoptotic and mitotic cells). The concentrations of each compound and their main metabolites (sulfanilic acid and naphthionic acid) were measured in faeces during a 24-h period after single oral administrations of the food dyes to mice. Parent dye compounds and their main aromatic amine metabolites were detected in significant amounts in the environment of colonic cells. Acute oral exposure to food dye additives amaranth, sunset yellow and tartrazine did not induce genotoxic effect in the micronucleus gut assay in mice at doses up to 2000 mg/kg b.w. Food dyes administration increased the mitotic cells at all dose levels when compared to controls. These results suggest that the transient DNA damages previously observed in the colon of mice treated by amaranth and tartrazine by the in vivo comet assay [Sasaki, Y.F., Kawaguchi, S., Kamaya, A., Ohshita, M., Kabasawa, K., Iwama, K., Taniguchi, K., Tsuda, S., 2002. The comet assay with 8 mouse organs: results with 39 currently used food additives. Mutat. Res. 519, 103-119] are unable to be fixed in stable genotoxic lesions and might be partly explained by local cytotoxicity of the dyes.","paper_authors":["M. Poul","G. Jarry","M. O. Elhkim","J. Poul"],"paper_publish_year":2009,"publication_journal_name":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/lack-effect-food-dyes-sunset-tartrazine-metabolites-poul/7eb29e586d7557dcb1f63a181c761509/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.034","volume":"47 2","pages":"\n          443-8\n        ","search_result_number":5},{"paper_title":"CHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES ON FOOD COLOURS: Part IV. Observations on the Toxicity of Tartrazine, Amaranth and Sunset Yellow in Rats","abstract":"Tartrazine, amaranth and sunset yellow fed at concentrations of 0ṁ03, 0ṁ3, and 1ṁ5 per cent of the diet for 64 weeks, did not increase mortality in male or female rats. Amaranth, at a level of 1ṁ5 per cent, caused a significant decrease in growth rate in female, but not male, rats. This was attributed to an effect on food utilisation rather than on food consumption. Female rats fed amaranth at 0ṁ3 and 1ṁ5 per cent concentrations showed an increase in the weight of the liver. At the higher concentration there was also an increase in kidney weight. Histopathological studies were made on the lung, heart, liver, spleen, thyroid, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, kidney, urinary bladder, adrenal, testis, prostate, coagulating gland, ovary, uterus, and thymus. None of the changes observed were considered to be due to the ingestion of the food colours. There was no significant difference in tumour incidence between the control animals and the rats receiving the colours.","paper_authors":["W. A. Mannell","H. C. Grice","F. Lu","M. G. Allmark"],"paper_publish_year":1958,"publication_journal_name":"Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/chronic-toxicity-studies-food-colours-part-observations-mannell/d48d7fc385af56b4a198dfd3f5a27ec0/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1111/j.2042-7158.1958.tb10351.x","volume":"10","pages":"","search_result_number":6},{"paper_title":"Study of the teratogenic potential of FD & C Yellow No. 5 when given by gavage to rats.","abstract":"FD & C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) was given to Osborne-Mendel rats by gavage at dose levels of 0, 60, 100, 200, 400, 600 or 1000 mg/kg body weight/day on days 0-19 of gestation. No maternal or developmental toxicity was observed when the rats were killed on day 20. The mean daily food consumption for the entire period of gestation was significantly greater in the females given 1000 mg/kg body weight/day than in the controls, but maternal body-weight gain was not affected. No dose-related effects were observed in implantations, foetal viability or external foetal development. Foetal skeletal and visceral development was similar among foetuses from all groups. At the doses given, FD & C Yellow No. 5 was neither toxic nor teratogenic.","paper_authors":["T. Collins","T. Black","L. H. Brown","P. Bulhack"],"paper_publish_year":1990,"publication_journal_name":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/study-potential-yellow-given-gavage-rats-collins/cbaa1a2c6ede5f1b901e3cbc49c12f81/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/0278-6915(90)90055-R","volume":"28 12","pages":"\n          821-7\n        ","search_result_number":7},{"paper_title":"Reproductive Toxicology of Tartrazine (FD and C Yellow No. 5) in Swiss Albino Mice","abstract":"Problem statement: Tartrazine (FD and C Yellow No. 5) is an orange-colored widely used in food products, drugs and cosmetics. This color has a potential toxicological risk. The current study evaluated the effect of sub-chronic consumption of tartrazine on the male reproductive system. Approach: Tartrazine was administered to adult male mice in drinking water at doses of 0, 0.1, 1 and 2.5% for 13 weeks. After that period, the weights of testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles were determined. Sperm counts in the testis and epididymides, motility, morphology and testis histology were assessed. Results: Body weight gain, absolute and relative testis, epididymis and seminal vesicles weights did not change. However, sperm count was decreased and sperm abnormalities were increased in the 2.5% tartrazine treated groups compared to the control. Sperm motility and histological changes in testis were observed in the middle and high treated groups. Conclusion/Recommendations: We concluded that excessive tartrazine consumption can have adverse effects on the male reproductive function. We suggested conducting surveys among the population to estimate their daily intake.","paper_authors":["N. Mehedi","S. Ainad-Tabet","N. Mokrane","S. Addou","C. Zaoui","O. Kheroua","D. Saidi"],"paper_publish_year":2009,"publication_journal_name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/toxicology-tartrazine-yellow-swiss-albino-mice-mehedi/f3d5dd9d66465b57a9165623f9d04529/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2009.130.135","volume":"4","pages":"130-135","search_result_number":8},{"paper_title":"Chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity studies of FD & C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) in rats.","abstract":"FD & C Yellow No. 5 was fed to Charles River CD rats as a dietary admixture in two long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity studies. The studies were conducted with an in utero phase in which the compound was administered to the F0 generation rats (60/sex/group) at levels of 0.0, 0.0, 0.1, 1.0 or 2.0% ('original study') and 0.0 or 5.0% ('high-dose study'). The concurrent control groups received the basal diet. After random selection of the F1 animals, the long-term phase was initiated using the same dietary levels with 70 rats of each sex/group, including the three control groups. The maximum exposure to the colouring was 113 and 114 wk for males and females, respectively, in the 'original' study and 122 and 125 wk for males and females, respectively, in the 'high-dose' study. No compound-related effects were noted. The no-adverse-effect level found in this study was 5.0% in the diet providing an average intake of 2641 and 3348 mg/kg/day for male and female rats, respectively.","paper_authors":["J. Borzelleca","J. Hallagan"],"paper_publish_year":1988,"publication_journal_name":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/chronic-toxicitycarcinogenicity-studies-yellow-borzelleca/760016d0a9d2558b9940f405683a5977/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/0278-6915(88)90117-2","volume":"26 3","pages":"\n          179-87\n        ","search_result_number":9},{"paper_title":"Protective effect of blackthorn fruits (Prunus spinosa) against tartrazine toxicity development in albino Wistar rats","abstract":"BackgroundTartrazine (Yellow 5 or E102) is a synthetic food dye able to modify perception and behavior, causing agitation, confusion, rhinitis and can produce hyperactivity syndrome in children when is combined with benzoates. Additionally, it can trigger oxidative stress which consequently generates metabolic disorders. Therefore, the study was designed to evaluate the harmful effects of the food additive tartrazine and to observe beneficial properties of blackthorn fruits (Prunus spinosa) on the blood and organs of albino Wistar rats.Materials and methodsThis study was carried out on 20 mature Wistar rats, randomly divided into four groups of five animals. Over the course of the experiment, the control group received only food and drinking water, group I received 75 mg of tartrazine dissolved in (250 ml) water group II was given 75 mg of tartrazine and 200 mg of dried blackthorn fruit powder 200 mg dissolved simultaneously in (250 ml) of tartrazine-water mixture (aiming to reduce the tartrazine toxicity) and group III received a higher dose of tartrazine (100 mg) in (250 ml) of water.ResultsAt the end of the experiment, values regarding kidney and liver weight were significantly increased, while the weight of the spleen was slightly decreased compared with the weight of the control group. Biochemical and hematological assays, of the blood samples show that the addition of tartrazine in the diet of rats caused significant changes in all biochemical and hematological parameters of the blood. In the group II, which received (P. spinosa) powder combined with tartrazine, the biochemical and hematological parameters had average values similar to the control group.ConclusionsHistopathological assay showed that the application of tartrazine in the group I, II and III produced lesions of the kidneys, spleen and the liver for all rodents. Tartrazine was able to generate histopathological changes, which caused significantly tissue lesions of the liver and significant changes in blood parameters. Blackthorn powder showed a promising protective role for the blood parameters but demonstrated no significant benefits for the organs.","paper_authors":["I. Balta","B. Sevastre","V. Mireșan","M. Taulescu","Camelia Răducu","A. Longodor","Z. Marchiș","Codruta Stefania Mariş","A. Coroian"],"paper_publish_year":2019,"publication_journal_name":"BMC Chemistry","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/effect-blackthorn-fruits-prunus-spinosa-toxicity-balta/2e0508808c14557eafa821416df979d9/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1186/s13065-019-0610-y","volume":"13","pages":"","search_result_number":10},{"paper_title":"Prolonged use of the food dye tartrazine (FD&C yellow no 5) and its effects on the gastric mucosa of Wistar rats.","abstract":"Tartrazine is one of the most widely used artificial foods, drugs and cosmetic dyes. It is a nitrous derivative and is known to cause allergic reactions such as asthma and urticaria, as well as having been the focus of studies on mutagenesis and carcinogenesis due to its transformation into aromatic amine sulfanilic acid after being metabolized by the gastrointestinal microflora. 45 male Wistar rats were assigned to a control group (A) or a treatment one (B). The treatment group received 7.5 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) of tartrazine daily in drinking water offered ad libitum for ten months from weaning to the age of twelve months. There was a significant increase in the number of lymphocytes and eosinophils of the gastric antrum mucosa. No carcinogenetic changes in any gastric area were observed during the study. As tartrazine belongs to the azo class, it is still a possible food carcinogen. Other studies with different doses and schedules, observing their effects associated to other carcinogens should be carried out if their safe use is to be recommended.","paper_authors":["I. Moutinho","L. C. Bertges","R. Assis"],"paper_publish_year":2007,"publication_journal_name":"Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/prolonged-food-tartrazine-effects-mucosa-wistar-rats-moutinho/d098cde2f5e4510090fd8fca3fbc7792/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1590/S1519-69842007000100019","volume":"67 1","pages":"\n          141-5\n        ","search_result_number":11},{"paper_title":"Impacts of an azo food dye tartrazine uptake on intestinal barrier, oxidative stress, inflammatory response and intestinal microbiome in crucian carp (Carassius auratus).","abstract":"Food dyes, or color additives, are often added into foods, cosmetics and beverages during processing to improve the sensory attributes of the final products. However, the toxicity of tartrazine (TZ), one of the most common azo-dyes, is still unclear, and needs to be ascertained by further study. Hence, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of TZ consumption on health by using a teleost, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) as the experimental fish. TZ consumption (1.4, 5.5 and 10 mg/kg bwt/day) could cause severe histopathological and cellular alterations in intestine and liver. The height of intestinal villus, thickness of intestinal muscle, and microvilli density were also affected. With the increasing of TZ concentrations, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD and GSH-Px), exhibited a decreasing trend, while the contents of MDA elevated. Upregulations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (il6 and tnfα), anti-inflammatory cytokines (il8, and il10) and other immune related genes (complement component 3 (c3), lysozymes (lyz), β-defensin 3 (defb3)), were observed after TZ uptake. In addition, TZ consumption also affected the community structure of the microbiota in the intestine of crucian carp. The amount of some probiotic bacteria (Roseomonas, Rhodococcus and Bacillus) and the bacteria (Bacteroides and Clostridium), producing short chain fatty acids, were significantly reduced, and some pathogenetic microorganisms (e.g. Bdellovibrio and Shewanella) were significantly increased after TZ uptake. In summary, the data in the present study indicate that TZ consumption, even at a low concentration, may lead to adverse effects on fish health. Therefore, in aquaculture, it is necessary to be informed about the hazardous effects of TZ, and more attentions should be focused on using natural substitutes.","paper_authors":["Limin Wu","Yufeng Xu","Xixi Lv","Xulu Chang","Xiao Ma","Xue Tian","Xi Shi","Xuejun Li","X. Kong"],"paper_publish_year":2021,"publication_journal_name":"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/impacts-food-tartrazine-uptake-barrier-stress-response-wu/dec732536e935db78915432808c553b7/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112551","volume":"223","pages":"\n          112551\n        ","search_result_number":12},{"paper_title":"Tartrazine induced neurobiochemical alterations in rat brain sub-regions.","abstract":"Tartrazine is a synthetic lemon yellow azo dye primarily used as a food coloring. The present study aimed to screen the neurobiochemical effects of Tartrazine in Wistar rats after administering the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) level. Tartrazine (7.5 mg/kg b.w.) was administered to 21 day old weanling rats through oral gavage once daily for 40 consecutive days. On 41st day, the animals were sacrificed and brain sub regions namely, frontal cortex, corpus striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum were used to determine activities of anti-oxidant enzymes viz. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione-Stransferase (GST), Glutathione Reductase (GR) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and levels of lipid peroxides using Thio-barbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARS) assay. Our investigation showed a significant decrease in SOD and CAT activity, whereas there occurred a decline in GST and GR activity with an increase in GPx activity to counteract the oxidative damage caused by significantly increased levels of lipid peroxides. The possible mechanism of this oxidative damage might be attributed to the production of sulphanilc acid as a metabolite in azofission of tartrazine. It may be concluded that the ADI levels of food azo dyes adversely affect and alter biochemical markers of brain tissue and cause oxidative damage.","paper_authors":["Deepak L. Bhatt","Krati Vyas","Shakuntala A. Singh","P. John","I. Soni"],"paper_publish_year":2018,"publication_journal_name":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/tartrazine-induced-alterations-brain-subregions-bhatt/fe7513746f2b54a48ed3bd087145775e/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.011","volume":"113","pages":"\n          322-327\n        ","search_result_number":13},{"paper_title":"Tartrazine: a yellow hazard","abstract":"Tartrazine (FDC Yellow No.5) is an orange-yellow azo dye used to colour foods, soft drinks and drugs. It is safe for most people, but some are sensitive to it and may suffer adverse reactions. Tartrazine is difficult to avoid because its use is so widespread and its presence in a product does not have to be declared. Manufacturers use dyes to enhance the appearance of a product and to help identification of different drugs and dosage forms. Tartrazine is used alone or combined with other dyes (combinations can form a red or green colour) in many pharmaceutical products. Any part of a preparation may contain it - the gelatin capsule, the tablet coating, the product identification marking, or the filler.","paper_authors":[],"paper_publish_year":1980,"publication_journal_name":"Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/tartrazine-yellow-hazard/9d372335c29a5732ab5702b70451662e/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1136/dtb.18.14.53","volume":"18","pages":"53 - 55","search_result_number":14},{"paper_title":"Tartrazine and the developing nervous system of rats.","abstract":"Rat dams were exposed to the artificial food color tartrazine (FD&C Yellow no. 5) at dietary levels of 0, 1, and 2% during gestation and lactation. The experimental offspring were continued on the same diets for approximately 3 months after weaning. No adverse physical or behavioral effects were noted in the dams. Fetal development and postnatal viability of the offspring were also normal. The only effect on postnatal development of the central nervous system (CNS) was a small transient change in neuromotor clinging ability of female offspring. The limited effect of tartrazine on the CNS was further evidenced by the facts that (1) the neurobehavioral profiles of the experimental weanlings revealed no significant abnormalities, and (2) morphochemical analysis of brain tissue, as well as brain weights, revealed no abnormalities. Tartrazine did appear to exert more general signs of toxicity in the offspring--namely, depressed body weight, an apparent reduction in thymus weight, and a slight elevation of red blood cells and hemoglobin.","paper_authors":["T. Sobotka","R. Brodie","S. Spaid"],"paper_publish_year":1977,"publication_journal_name":"Journal of toxicology and environmental health","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/tartrazine-developing-system-rats-sobotka/e4fa7d4f5ecd56a8801e1728de9dda22/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1080/15287397709529519","volume":"2 5","pages":"\n          1211-20\n        ","search_result_number":15},{"paper_title":"Lack of carcinogenicity of tartrazine (FD & C Yellow No. 5) in the F344 rat.","abstract":"The carcinogenicity of tartrazine (C. I. Food Yellow No. 4, FD & C Yellow No. 5), a food, drug and cosmetics colouring, was examined in F344 rats. Tartrazine was dissolved in distilled water at levels of 0, 1 or 2%, and groups of about 50 male and 50 female rats were given one of these solutions ad lib. as their drinking-water for up to 2 yr. No toxic lesions specifically caused by tartrazine were detected in any treated group of either sex. Many tumours developed in all groups including the control group, and the organ distribution of these tumours and their histological characteristics were similar to those of the spontaneous tumours that are known to occur in this strain of rats. Except for mesothelioma in males and endometrial stromal polyp in females, there were no significant increases in the incidences of any tumours over those in the corresponding control group. In males, mesotheliomas were found only in the group given 1% tartrazine and the incidence of this lesion was statistically significant (Fisher's exact test) in comparison with the other two groups (P less than 0.02). The incidence of endometrial stromal polyp was also significantly higher among females given the 1% dose than in the controls (P less than 0.05). However, no positive trend was noted in the occurrence of these two tumours using an age-adjusted statistical analysis. Mesothelioma and endometrial stromal polyp are frequently observed spontaneous tumours in this strain of rats, and their incidences in our historical controls are 4.1 and 21.9%, respectively. However in the present study mesothelioma occurred in none of the male control rats and the incidence of endometrial stromal polyp was only 10.6% in the female control group. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the control and treated groups in hyperplastic or pre-neoplastic changes in the mesothelium or endometrium. From these findings, we concluded that the significant increases in the incidences of mesothelioma and endometrial stromal polyp that occurred in the groups given 1% tartrazine were not attributable to tartrazine administration. Thus, it is concluded that tartrazine was not carcinogenic in F344 rats when administered continuously at doses of up to 2% in the drinking-water for up to 2 yr.","paper_authors":["A. Maekawa","C. Matsuoka","H. Onodera","H. Tanigawa","K. Furuta","J. Kanno","J. Jang","Y. Hayashi","T. Ogiu"],"paper_publish_year":1987,"publication_journal_name":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/lack-carcinogenicity-tartrazine-yellow-f344-maekawa/545f5b71dcc45bfb942303d36a278523/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/0278-6915(87)90281-X","volume":"25 12","pages":"\n          891-6\n        ","search_result_number":16},{"paper_title":"A chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study of FD & C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) in mice.","abstract":"Charles River CD-1 mice were fed FD & C Yellow No. 5 in the diet at levels of 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 1.5 or 5.0% in a long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity study. Each group consisted of 60 males and 60 females. Maximum exposure was 104 wk for both males and females. No consistent, significant compound-related adverse effects were noted. The no-observed-adverse effect level established in this study was 5.0% (8103 mg/kg/day and 9735 mg/kg/day for male and female mice, respectively.)","paper_authors":["J. Borzelleca","J. Hallagan"],"paper_publish_year":1988,"publication_journal_name":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/toxicitycarcinogenicity-study-yellow-tartrazine-mice-borzelleca/102dcf68be0d5ea182cff9b0592ca4e3/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/0278-6915(88)90118-4","volume":"26 3","pages":"\n          189-94\n        ","search_result_number":17},{"paper_title":"Determination of combined benzidine in FD & C yellow no. 5 (tartrazine), using a highly sensitive analytical method.","abstract":"53 samples of FD & C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine; Colour Index No. 19140) were examined for combined benzidine. These samples, which represent separate lots from 12 dye distributors, were submitted to the US FDA for certification between 28 February 1990 and 27 June 1991. A method was developed to reduce the dye matrix with dithionite so that combined benzidine present in the form of azo or disazo dyes would be converted to free benzidine. Reduction was followed by extraction, diazotization and coupling with pyrazolone T, and the total benzidine present was quantitated as benzidine-pyrazolone T disazo dye (BZPT) by HPLC with detection at 500 nm. The limit of quantitation for benzidine in FD & C Yellow No. 5 by this method is 5 ng/g. 25 samples of FD & C Yellow No. 5 were found to contain 7-83 ng/g of combined benzidine that was released by dithionite reduction. 23 of these samples were from the same manufacturer. The identify of the BZPT from two FD & C Yellow No. 5 samples was confirmed by spectral analysis using HPLC with a photodiode array detector.","paper_authors":["M. Prival","M. Peiperl","S. Bell"],"paper_publish_year":1993,"publication_journal_name":"Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/determination-combined-tartrazine-using-highly-method-prival/032904b90ee4532fafa6724540630994/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1016/0278-6915(93)90147-Q","volume":"31 10","pages":"\n          751-8\n        ","search_result_number":18},{"paper_title":"FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) degradation via reactive oxygen species triggered by TiO2 and Au/TiO2 nanoparticles exposed to simulated sunlight.","abstract":"When exposed to light, TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) become photoactivated and create electron/hole pairs as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS). We examined the ROS production and degradation of a widely used azo dye, FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine), triggered by photoactivated TiO2 NPs. Degradation was found to follow pseudo-first order reaction kinetics where the rate constant increased with TiO2 NP concentration. Depositing Au on the surface of TiO2 largely enhanced electron transfer and ROS generation, which consequently accelerated dye degradation. Alkaline conditions promoted ROS generation and dye degradation. Results from electron spin resonance spin-trap spectroscopy suggested that at pH 7.4, both hydroxyl radical (•OH) and singlet oxygen ((1)O2) were responsible for dye discoloration, whereas at pH 5, the consumption of (1)O2 became dominant. Implications for dye degradation in foods and other consumer products that contain both TiO2 and FD&C Yellow No. 5 as ingredients are discussed.","paper_authors":["Meng Li","Weiwei He","Yi Liu","Haohao Wu","W. Wamer","Y. Lo","Jun-Jie Yin"],"paper_publish_year":2014,"publication_journal_name":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/tartrazine-degradation-oxygen-species-triggered-tio2-li/98df22dc92fa5c9797f1d149a8ac02b7/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.1021/jf5045052","volume":"62 49","pages":"\n          12052-60\n        ","search_result_number":19},{"paper_title":"Tartrazine induces structural and functional aberrations and genotoxic effects in vivo","abstract":"Tartrazine is a synthetic organic azo dye widely used in food and pharmaceutical products. The current study aimed to evaluate the possible adverse effect of this coloring food additive on renal and hepatic structures and functions. Also, the genotoxic potential of tartrazine on white blood cells was investigated using comet assay. Twenty adult male Wistar rats were grouped into two groups of 10 each, control- and tartrazine-treated groups. The control group was administered orally with water alone. The experimental group was administered orally with tartrazine (7.5 mg/kg, b.wt.). Our results showed a marked increase in the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, urea, uric acid, creatinine, MDA and NO, and a decreased level of total antioxidants in the serum of rats dosed with tartrazine compared to controls. On the other hand, administration of tartrazine was associated with severe histopathological and cellular alterations of rat liver and kidney tissues and induced DNA damage in leucocytes as detected by comet assay. Taken together, the results showed that tartrazine intake may lead to adverse health effects.","paper_authors":["L. Khayyat","A. Essawy","J. Sorour","A. Soffar"],"paper_publish_year":2017,"publication_journal_name":"PeerJ","consensus_paper_details_url":"https://consensus.app/papers/tartrazine-induces-aberrations-genotoxic-effects-vivo-khayyat/ddfa0fe1102b58ce89fed71e915103b9/?utm_source=chatgpt","doi":"10.7717/peerj.3041","volume":"5","pages":"","search_result_number":20}]}

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**ChatGPT:**

Research on the long-term health effects of consuming Yellow Dye No. 5 (tartrazine) suggests various potential impacts, particularly when it is consumed at higher levels, as it is common in processed and convenience foods.

1. **Hypersensitivity Reactions**: Tartrazine has been shown to exacerbate symptoms in individuals with chronic urticaria and asthma, as well as causing hypersensitivity reactions in some people [(Lockey, 1977)](https://consensus.app/papers/hypersensitivity-tartrazine-yellow-dyes-additives-foods-sd/610f6ff009d45194ab6cc1e3d720ba02/?utm_source=chatgpt).

2. **Toxicity and Organ Impact**: Studies in rats have shown that high doses of tartrazine can lead to adverse effects on kidney and liver function. There is evidence of increased levels of enzymes such as ALT, AST, and creatinine, indicating liver and kidney stress. This has been observed even at low doses, indicating potential toxicity with regular consumption over time [(Amin et al., 2010)](https://consensus.app/papers/food-dyes-tartrazine-parameters-function-stress-amin/25979dbe2b195f549b1617abaae2a77a/?utm_source=chatgpt). 

3. **Reproductive Toxicity**: Long-term consumption of tartrazine has been linked to adverse effects on male reproductive health. Decreased sperm counts and increased sperm abnormalities were reported in mice exposed to high levels of the dye [(Mehedi et al., 2009)](https://consensus.app/papers/toxicology-tartrazine-yellow-swiss-albino-mice-mehedi/f3d5dd9d66465b57a9165623f9d04529/?utm_source=chatgpt).

4. **Neurotoxicity**: Tartrazine has also been implicated in neurotoxic effects. Studies indicate that it can lead to oxidative stress and damage in brain tissues, which could result in cognitive and behavioral changes. This was observed even at acceptable daily intake levels in animal models [(Bhatt et al., 2018)](https://consensus.app/papers/tartrazine-induced-alterations-brain-subregions-bhatt/fe7513746f2b54a48ed3bd087145775e/?utm_source=chatgpt).

5. **Carcinogenicity**: Although some studies have explored the potential carcinogenic effects of tartrazine, most long-term studies, including those conducted in rats, have not found a significant link between tartrazine and cancer risk, suggesting that it may not be a direct carcinogen [(Borzelleca & Hallagan, 1988)](https://consensus.app/papers/chronic-toxicitycarcinogenicity-studies-yellow-borzelleca/760016d0a9d2558b9940f405683a5977/?utm_source=chatgpt).

In conclusion, while tartrazine consumption is considered safe for the majority of people at regulated levels, long-term and high-dose consumption poses risks of organ toxicity, reproductive harm, hypersensitivity reactions, and potential neurotoxicity. Careful attention to the amount consumed through processed foods is recommended, especially for vulnerable populations.

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